08 April 2026 Editor's Note: Concerns have been raised about the contents of this paper and are currently being investigated by the Editors. A further editorial response will follow the resolution of ...

In the last century, with the growth of human population and industrialization, concerns for environmental pollutions (e.g. air and water pollutants) have attracted a lot of attentions 1,2,3. Various ...

What are Metal Oxide Nanoparticles? Metal oxide nanoparticles are a class of nanomaterials composed of metal cations bonded to oxygen anions, with particle sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers.

When designing a nanoparticle-enabled drug delivery system, many intersecting considerations must be taken into account, such as the target location of the drug payload, the method of delivery, uptake ...