A long-standing challenge to evolutionary theory has been whether it can explain the origin of complex organismal features. We examined this issue using digital organisms—computer programs that ...

If the evolution of complex organisms were a road trip, then the simple country drives are what get you there. And sometimes even potholes along the way are important. An interdisciplinary team of ...

Real-valued functions of complex arguments violate the Cauchy-Riemann conditions and, consequently, do not have Taylor series expansion. Therefore, optimization methods based on derivatives cannot be ...

Abstract: This paper addresses computing complex functions using unipolar stochastic logic. Stochastic computing requires simple logic gates and is inherently fault-tolerant. Thus, these structures ...

Abstract: Summary form only given. Early was proposed new types of basis functions for variational calculations of the quantum-mechanical systems with Coulomb interaction between the particles. This ...

Complex integration is a branch of calculus that deals with the integration of complex-valued functions. Just as in real analysis, where we integrate real-valued functions over real intervals, in ...

The Taylor series simplifies complex functions into polynomials, improving computational ease. The Taylor series is an infinite sum derived from a function's derivatives at a specific point. The ...

Composition is a powerful technique in functional programming that allows you to combine simple functions into more complex ones. By composing functions, you can reuse code, avoid repetition, and ...