The physical characteristics of electromagnetic waves are combined with digital information in coding metasurfaces. Coding metasurfaces enable precise control of beams by flexibly designing coding ...

Recently, the need for fifth- and sixth-generation (5 G/6 G) wireless communication technologies that offer enhanced communication capabilities has emerged and developed. As these technologies operate ...

Radio frequency (RF) refers to the part of the electromagnetic spectrum where electromagnetic waves can be generated by alternating current fed to an antenna. It spans from around 3 kHz to 300 GHz. RF ...

Modulation is the act of translating some low-frequency or baseband signal (voice, music, and data) to a higher frequency. Why do we modulate signals? There are at least two reasons: to allow the ...