Individuals with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) experience autonomic dysfunction, which disrupts the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. This imbalance can result in ...

Heart-rate variability (HRV) reflects the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and is commonly used as a biomarker for the state of the autonomous nervous system (ANS).

Stress is an imprecise term and a difficult thing to measure. But technological advances mean it’s now simple to capture what is perhaps the best proxy for our response to it: heart rate variability, ...