For many years, the OEM fix for major cracking or shell distortion was replacement of the defective shell, also referred to as casing by some OEMs, with new. Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis has ...

In addition to adding strength, this design allows the structure to use its crack patterns to minimize damage into the inner shell. Ling Li, an assistant professor in mechanical engineering at ...

Hollow atoms are special atoms with multiple missing electrons in their inner shells, while their outer shells are still fully or partially filled with electrons. Studying the production mechanisms, ...