Optical vector analysis has emerged as a critical tool for characterising optical devices, enabling simultaneous measurement of amplitude and phase responses over wide bandwidths. This technique is ...

Electrified telegraphy was the first practical use of electricity for long-distance communication. This was a tremendous improvement over flashing lights and waving signal flags. The well-known Morse ...

Over the past decades, engineers have introduced numerous technologies that rely on light and its underlying characteristics.

Error vector magnitude (EVM) is a measure of modulation quality and error performance in complex wireless systems. It provides a method to evaluate the performance of ...

Receive fundamental information on analog and digital modulation methods by requesting this pocket guide. The guide also provides important signal generator specifications and parameters that should ...

Overcoming the issues of DC offset in Direct Conversion for Software Defined Radios. Modulation is a process by which characteristics of a high-frequency carrier signal are altered to convey ...