Air conditioning systems are essential for ensuring indoor thermal comfort in commercial buildings; however, they are also significant consumers of electrical energy, contributing to increased ...

$$\begin{aligned} \sigma _i(t+1) = \textrm{sgn}\Bigl (r_i(t) + \textrm{tanh}\bigl (I_i(t+1)\bigr )\Bigr ), \end{aligned}$$ Simulated annealing that utilizes p-bits (pSA) is grounded in a probabilistic ...